Ethiopia : May elections failure due to lack of restructured major players
By Dr. Maru Gubena

Like many concerned Ethiopians, I have been following the developments facing the people of Ethiopia today silently and with a degree of detachment, but with keen interest and a deep feeling of involvement. I have remained silent because of my views and convictions regarding a situation in which political parties participate in an election without preparing the ground for a free and fair election. Instead the election has been used as an instrument of the existing leadership, even helping to maintain and prolong the power structure of the ruling party intact, as it is today and as it was yesterday. The additional factor for my silence, for remaining aloof, looking at events and developments from afar, is what has happened in the media. The countless articles posted in a variety of Internet sites since the commencement of the May 2005 Ethiopian national election campaign have not just been immature and lacking in rationality; I have been amazed and even appalled by the cruelties of the media war being waged by the competing political parties, and the methods and techniques being employed, each one making all possible efforts to convince the general population of Ethiopia and the international community to join its side and help to incapacitate the enemy.

Apart from my personal principles and conviction, the leaders of the opposition political parties who participated in the 15 May 2005 Ethiopian national election, in my view, deserve profound admiration and high respect for their bold decisions to participate, lead and mobilize people to vote in a hostile political climate with complex obstacles, and in a country that lacks an independent, mature judiciary system. The bold decision made by the opposition leaders to take personal risks and mobilize the people, and the willingness of the people who in huge numbers walked miles and stood for long hours to vote on their representatives, clearly indicate the determination of the entire Ethiopian people to resist repression and free themselves from the yoke of glaring poverty and persistent harassment and domination by a single political party. The mass participation of the people of Ethiopia also clearly shows their profound need and readiness for further cultivation of a new culture of democracy, and for the foundation and bringing to maturity of a neutral electoral system capable of carrying out a free and fair election. The participation of the opposition political parties in the May 2005 election also deserves a great deal of admiration because for the first time, whether it is for good or bad, they have brought about dramatic changes in the political map of Ethiopia, including the socio-political, economic and psychological relations of the people of Ethiopia with the ruling party – the EPRDF.

In writing this article, in part my purpose is a simple desire to be a part of the contemporary intellectual and political struggle, attempting to help reverse the course of the current policy of the ruling party in my country, which is moving towards war, and instead to contribute to peace making movements and processes; and to add my voice, sharing the complexity, challenges and anxieties being experienced today by an ever-wider cross section of Ethiopian society. The cardinal objective of this paper, however, is to illustrate the major bottlenecks of the 15 May 2005 Ethiopian national election. In my view, this election was held without restructuring and reorganizing the major determining forces that are instrumental to the democratization process and essential to free and fair elections in any society. I would also argue that the May 2005 election was held without the recognition and reorganization of vitally important legal and civic organizations and institutions, and without appropriately preparing the ground for political and leadership change. Finally, an attempt will also be made to provide rationally formulated responses to those who persistently and emotionally argue that the May 2005 Ethiopia national election was free and fair, and that the majority of Ethiopians willingly and freely chose the current ruling party to further its oppressive policy and forcefully rule as their leaders for another five years. With the sole purpose of forcing opposition leaders and those who elected them to accept the EPRDF version of events – that it won the May 2005 election – the ruling party and its cadres are waging both physical and political war against the leaders of the opposition parties and the people of Ethiopia. The periodic killing and mass arrests of supporters and employees of opposition parties, along with the destruction of their offices and office properties, are undoubtedly also intended to weaken and gradually obliterate peaceful resistance from the land of Ethiopia, using the argument that the current leaders of the major political parties and their supporters are remnants of the previous regime(s) and are not abiding by the constitution – a constitution conceived, written and implemented by the members of TPLF alone, which became the constitution of the country. Thus an argument similar to repeated statements by the Bush administration that the United States has brought freedom and democracy to the Middle East (and to the people of Iraq in particular) has also been employed and is clearly manifested in the current election entanglement of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian ruling party leaders and their supporters are of the opinion that they are the ones who brought “freedom” and democracy to the people of Ethiopia by the ultimate sacrifice of so many sons and daughters from the region where their armed struggle commenced, expanded and eventually managed to overthrow the brutal regime of Mengistu Hailemariam. Consequently, the ruling EPRDF party and its cadres are directly or indirectly demanding from Ethiopians that they should be given the right to rule Ethiopia and its people for an unlimited period of time in exchange for the “freedom” and “democracy” they brought to Ethiopia in May 1991. The ruling party, including some sections among the western world, further insists that the opposition parties – although they represent the bulk of Ethiopian society – should be happy with the representation they have gained from the election for the first time in the history of Ethiopian politics, and should be a part of the new parliament opened on the 10th of October 2005.

Recalling the History of African Leadership

Before dealing with the above arguments and the preposterous accusations and demands that continue to be pressed by the ruling party and its ardent cadres, let me first point out one important aspect. This is undeniably a daily ugly reality of Africa, and deserves unreserved attention from all of us, including the ruling party itself. It is indeed most unfortunate that we, the people of Africa and our leaders, seem to remain incapable of learning from our own history and from events that took place not long ago but just yesterday; we prefer to believe that such events will never happen to us, whether as a society or as individuals. The harassments and arrests, the daily criminalization, intimidation, and appalling statements that our current leaders direct at their victims – the people of Ethiopia and their party leaders – are precisely the same as the statements and characterizations that previous African dictators, such as Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre, Jean Bedel Bokassa of Central Africa, Idi Amin Dada of Uganda and Mengistu Hailemariam of Ethiopia directed at their compatriot opponents. As has been apparent in the cases of so many previous dictators, it is undeniable that current dictators as well, along with their cruel and repressive regimes and their cadres, will vanish today or tomorrow without enjoying the fruits of the wealth accumulated during their reign. Quite often, as history shows, these dictators will not leave anything useful even for the future of their own children and the rest of their immediate family: instead, the end of the reign often brings their destruction. Generally the immediate family of past dictators, including those mentioned above, are either killed by their fathers’ victims or live in hiding in foreign countries. The saddest of all, however, is that these dictators, as history shows, cause massive losses of innocent lives before they disappear from the land of the innocent.

Who Determines the Election of a Political Party Leader in Ethiopia?

Let me now return to the arguments and accusations that have often been made by the ruling parties and their dependents, and attempt to provide some rational responses. Despite the cries of Ethiopians across the world and the statements provided by respected and reliable foreign observers, the ruling party insists that it won the 15 May 2005 national Election. The cardinal issues are undoubtedly who determines who won, under what election board and laws, and according to whose courts and judges? This is the core of the problem facing Ethiopia and Ethiopians today, and which will be treated more closely along with the subject of the need to restructure and reorganize the forces – major institutions, the media and the legal system – that are conducive to a widely acceptable election process and to free and fair elections.

As we have seen, in recent times the ruling party has been (and is still) engaged in the most outrageous aspects of character assassination of opposition leaders as Derguists and remnants of previous regimes, in an attempt to convince Ethiopians at home and abroad and donor nations, upon which the ruling party is highly dependent for its existence; it is also hoped that there will be a green light to gradually marginalize and wipe out the opposition parties and root out their leaders. Quite contrary to these accusations, the undeniable truth is that a good number of former Dergue members who worked in hands and glove with Mengistu Hailemariam, who separated mothers from their children and who were the actors and forces that drove a huge number of Ethiopian youth of the period into exile, are to be found within the ruling party – the EPRDF leadership, enjoying various ministerial and other governmental positions. One can also argue, as the dominant figures among the EPRDF/TPLF leadership, including the Prime Minister himself, have often stressed, that it is they who decide whom it is appropriate to nominate to ministerial or party positions. Why is it then that the board or executive committee of the opposition parties, which are elected by the people, cannot select individual leaders that they feel are capable of leading their parties and articulating their political views, socio-economic programmes, foreign policy and general party positions? Isn’t it up to the political parties to judge the curriculum vitae, the work experience and criminal or life history of individual candidates for leadership? Or is it the ruling party? If the answer is the later, if it is the ruling party that decides the leadership that the opposition parties are supposed to elect, how real is the freedom given to the opposition parties by the law of the land, the government and the constitution in general?

Harassment on Grounds of “Violation of the Rules and Laws” of the Ruling Party

Another unique technique that is employed time and again as an important tool intended to harass and arrest opposition leaders and their supporters, with the aim of incapacitating the political parties of the people of Ethiopia, is the often-heard accusation of “violation of the rules, laws and the constitution” of the country - Ethiopia. Violation of the law of a given country, as we all know and understand, occurs when an individual, a group or a political party attempts or implements an activity that is defined in law as criminal. This might be for example to carry out a desire to take the property of an individual or institution by arms or force, or to damage that property; or to endanger or hurt physically or psychologically, socially or economically the members of a society or a functioning institution or government of a country. But none of these have occurred in the case of the current Ethiopian political opposition parties, who are operating peacefully and intellectually in the country – Ethiopia. Even though not a single member of the ruling party has given a clear definition of their “violations of the law” on paper or in media appearances, in practical terms, it is nevertheless understood in today’s Ethiopian politics that any disagreement by an individual with a decision of the Prime Minister, or any rejection by an opposition political party of a decision of the Ethiopian election board – a creation of the Prime Minister himself – is seen as tantamount to violation of rules and laws and a rejection of the constitution of the country. What a tragic development! Even making a request to certain governmental organs for permission to organize a demonstration or to take other peaceful resistance measures so as to demand from the ruling party an honest implementation of the law and the constitution, and respect for the freedom of the members of Ethiopian society, has come to be regarded as tantamount to violation of the rules, and an attempt to overthrow the governing ruling party of the country. To give more weight to charges against those who disagree with decisions of the national election board and who plan to take part in demonstrations and other means of peaceful resistance, the ruling party has been and is engaged in the production of false evidence so as to be able to put its opponents in its filthy prisons for lengthy periods. This is another and most harmful method that is being actively and effectively employed by the ruling party as an indispensable weapon in silencing and rooting out its opponents.

The important question is, of course, whether the methods of criminalization being used by the ruling party – charging opposition leaders and their supporters with creatively invented words and statements, including falsely produced evidence such as photos of victims taken by cadres of the ruling party, using force to dress the victims in military uniforms and make them carry arms – will be of any assistance in combating the real and most horrifying enemies of the people of Ethiopia: poverty and disease. This is certainly not the case. Such methods are rather, as they have always been, a major obstacle to furthering the cultivation and development of a mature political and judiciary system, and a potential source of increasing resentment and hostility that is moreover responsible for spreading fear among the general population of Ethiopian, leading them gradually towards internal conflicts and wars.

“We got Power by spilling the true Blood of Tigray’s Children”

There is direct and indirect evidence, not just from the opposition parties but also from national and foreign journalists and foreign election observers, that the national election of May 2005 was held just to fulfill the requirements of donor nations, and that the ruling party lost that election. In the face of this evidence it is somewhat remarkable that the ruling party has declared openly that the political and military power under its control, the economic wealth its members are currently enjoying and the freedom gained for the people of Tigray and Ethiopia as a whole have come as a result of the ultimate sacrifice of young men and women just from one region – Tigray. In furthering the arguments and accusations being used as a cover for snatching the people’s vote by force, to remain in power, well-known leading figures of the ruling party continue to say that it is “unthinkable for us” to share or relinquish power through a one-man, one-vote system alone. “We got power and freedom by spilling the true blood of our brothers and sisters from Tigray. Those who disagree with us and refuse to be ruled by the constitution and the rules and laws we made and wish to take power from us should do it exactly as we did – by taking arms and waging a guerrilla war against us. But they (the people of Ethiopia and their opposition leaders) should not dream in daylight of sharing power with us, or of taking power from us. Ethiopians are not even thankful to us for the sacrifice paid by the children of Tigray to free them from the inhuman regime of Mengistu Hailemariam.” What is even more outrageous is that, neglecting or even totally denying the incalculable contribution of Ethiopians, including the members of the Ethiopian armed forces, in the struggle to bring the brutal regime of Mengistu Hailemariam to an end, a good number of individuals within the ruling party are loudly and repeatedly shouting at Ethiopians and their opposition leaders, asking irritating nonsensical questions such as “where were you, and where were your opposition leaders during our bloody years of the 1970s and 1998s, when TPLF was waging an armed struggle against the dictator Mengistu Hailemariam?” Such arguments are entirely wrong and out of context and inconsistent with the historical records. The truth, as can be found in various historical documents, is that without the enormous direct and indirect help and cooperation from the armed forces of Ethiopia and other Ethiopians, it would have been impossible for TPLF and EPLF to bring down the dictatorial government of Mengistu Hailemariam. Due to the ruthless nature of Mengistu’s leadership, even though Ethiopians understood the apartheid-style political programmes and economic policy of the TPLF, including its hostile attitude towards certain sections of the Ethiopian population, the ruthless nature of Mengistu’s leadership meant that civil employees of his regime persistently assisted the TPLF leadership and its guerrillas with enormous amount of inside and helpful information, especially during the years of the 1980s. Further, during this period many of Ethiopia’s armed forces, including high ranking officers, defected from Mengistu’s army and joined the TPLF guerrilla force so as to speed up the defeat of the ruthless rule of Mengistu Hailemariam.

It is nevertheless interesting to hear statements like “Those who disagree with us…” (above) from government leaders of a country of over 70 million people, pushing those who felt oppressed for fourteen long years, those who were unlawfully jailed and released, and those whose children and other immediate family members had been killed, to take arms and wage war. Such statements are not only shocking but also show not only the irresponsible behaviour but also the nature of the ruling party, including its total disregard for the peace of Ethiopia and its peace-loving people. It therefore no wonder that many foreign observers find the behavior of the ruling party difficult to understand and raise questions like “by what kind of leaders are the people of Ethiopia being governed? Are those leaders really part and parcel of the people who make up Ethiopian society, or are they colonizers of foreign origin?” Indeed, Ethiopians themselves are also raising these questions.

What is more outrageous and needs to be stressed is that even in the face of a well-documented historical record and other evidence that clearly shows the hostile attitude of Ethiopians have had towards TPLF since its initiation, its leaders today appear to be demanding directly or indirectly that Ethiopians should be thankful for freeing them from Mengistu’s rule. It should also be abundantly clear that, even though Ethiopians did everything they could to be rid of Mengistu Hailemariam himself and his ruthless regime, from the very beginning they never wanted to be ruled, or even associated with, TPLF and its leaders. The ruling party members who came to power in my country by the barrel of the gun appear to have totally forgotten the mass protests and daily demonstrations by Ethiopians at home and abroad against the accession of TPLF to power in Addis Ababa and Ethiopia as a whole.

Finally, some serious questions related to the issues above deserve to be raised to the ruling party and its cadres. Firstly, did the people of Ethiopia or a group of concerned Ethiopians ever request the founders of TPLF – who later became guerrilla leaders – to go into the bush of Tigray and wage war against Mengistu’s regime in collaboration with the ELF (later EPLF, currently in power in Eritrea and now a permanent enemy of Ethiopia) so as to free Ethiopia from military rule? Were the initial and the later objectives of the founders of TPLF, now leaders of Ethiopia, really to free Ethiopians from the yoke of the then dictatorial military regime of Mengistu Hailemariam? Are Ethiopians really responsible for the sacrifice TPLF fighters paid in their war against Mengistu’s leadership?

It should be abundantly clear that asking Ethiopians to be thankful to the ruling party for freeing them from Mengistu’s rule is more or less the same as asking the people of Iraq to be thankful to the Bush administration for invading their country, killing a good portion of the population, making their country a permanent battlefield of opposing groups and destroying their infrastructure in an irreparable fashion, and of course meanwhile for freeing them from the prolonged oppression of Saddam Hussein. To be honest to my Ethiopian compatriots, if I were the President Gorge W. Bush, I would not have had the courage to ask the people of Iraq to be thankful to the United States of America for what the United States did for or to them, to their country and to the future of their children. The same is true with regard of the ruling party of Ethiopia and its cadres. If I were the leader of the current ruling party of Ethiopia, I would not have dared to come up with such absurd demands as asking that Ethiopians should be thankful for what TPLF did to Ethiopia as a nation, its unity, its territorial integrity and culture, and indeed to its people. But it’s politics that determines and regulates both peace and war, and without which none of us can live!

Looking at the Sources of Ethiopians’ Lasting Resentment and Animosity Towards the Ruling Party

As Ethiopians and experts on the issues of Ethiopia have said, the degree of animosity between the people of Ethiopia and the ruling party that came into being immediately after the emergence of the TPLF as a rebel movement in the Tigray region has since grown and expanded, smoldering in the hearts and minds of a large section of the Ethiopian population. Ethiopians in general and even Ethiopian intellectuals and opposition politicians do not see the members of the ruling party as part and parcel of Ethiopian society. Ethiopians in fact see the ruling party leaders through the same lenses as they see foreign powers and colonizers. As a result, the ruling party’s fourteen-year rule of Ethiopia has been regarded by Ethiopians as an imposition of power upon them and their land by black foreign powers in collaboration with some self-centered indigenous Ethiopian individuals.

Some readers of this article will undoubtedly be wondering what grounds Ethiopians might have for their deep-seated animosity towards the members of the ruling party, or what factors have led them to consider those leaders as not belonging to Ethiopia and Ethiopians. Therefore some brief background information will be provided on three obvious major points.

1. An Ethnic Policy intended to Keep Ethiopians Disunited and to Weaken Ethiopia

The first important source of the intense, longstanding tensions and bad relations between the members of the ruling party and the people of Ethiopia is the divisive ethnically and linguistically oriented political programme and economic policy of the ruling party, which are aimed at separating Ethiopians from each other and limiting their trade, working together, or other forms of cooperation. A case in point which deserves to be mentioned here is that, as some historical records clearly indicate, the idea of EPRDF rule of Ethiopia and Ethiopians on the basis of ethnicity and language was born in the fortress of the EPLF leaders - the present rulers of Eritrea - and was incorporated into the political programme of the then TPLF. The idea was to keep Ethiopians divided, disunited and weak so that they would not challenge either the rule of EPRDF or the arrangements for Eritrea’s independence, reached between the former rebel leaders who are the current heads of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

2. The Case of Eritrea, including its Expulsion of Ethiopians

The second and most disturbing factor in the deep-rooted resentment felt by Ethiopians towards the ruling party is the case of Eritrea, and the long history of secretive relations and friendships between the leaders of Ethiopia and Eritrea. What Meles Zenawi, the former President - now the Prime Minster of Ethiopia and leader of EPRDF, the ruling party - did to Ethiopia and Ethiopians is something that even the European colonial powers that ruled Africa and Africans have never done to the countries and the people they colonized and ruled for centuries. Indeed, as every conscious member of the international community can recall, never before had there been (and has not been since, elsewhere) a leader of a country who as in our case in apparent excitement initiated the separation of a part of the country and the people he or she rules, writing a letter to the member states of the United Nations requesting them to approve and recognize the complete secession of Eritrea from Ethiopia, thereby making Ethiopia a landlocked nation, in principle for all time. This is however how Eritrea’s independence was fashioned and realized. Though the symbolic referendum for the formal independence was held and celebrated two years later, on 24 May 1993, in effect Eritrea came into being in May 1991 on the day after the dictatorial regime of Mengistu Hailemarim was toppled, mainly by Eritrean rebel forces. As briefly mentioned in the above paragraph, and as a good number of historians of Ethiopian politics and history have shown, the unconditional independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia was prearranged in the 1980s between the two then rebel leaders of EPLF and TPLF, while still waging a guerrilla war against Mengistu Hailemariam’s dictatorial regime. In exchange for the unconditional future independence of Eritrea, the top Eritrean rebel leaders promised their then militarily weak TPLF rebel brothers and comrades to arm, train and effectively assist them in the struggle to effect a humiliating defeat on the regime of Mengistu Hailemariam. The EPLF rebel leaders not only carried out their promises to the TPLF leadership in the 1980s - assisting them in deposing Mengistu’s regime, assuming power in Addis and, as newly emergent rulers, taking control of the full responsibility of administering Ethiopia as a whole - but also they provided unlimited military assistance and the full protection of Eritrea’s provisional government to the leadership of the then militarily weak EPRDF, which was lacking in professionalism and strong leadership. This helped to silence the challenges of public unrest and the increasing opposition and protests by the people of Ethiopia to the coming to power of the TPLF/EPRDF as the rulers of our country - Ethiopia.

A particular historical event related to the independence of Eritrea, which is partly responsible for the endless smoldering resentment and longstanding animosity among Ethiopians towards the ruling party, is the manner in which family members of the Ethiopian armed forces and Ethiopians in general were treated when they were humiliated and deported from Eritrea while their properties and money were confiscated and stolen in 1991 by the cadres of Eritrea’s provisional government of the period and by the people of Eritrea, immediately after the EPLF took over power in Eritrea from Mengistus’s regime. Because Eritrean independence was prearranged, decided by the leaders of the two rebel movements during the 1980s, and independence of Eritrea itself from the previous regime was simply achieved by the barrel of the gun, there was never a meeting, discussion or negotiation between the leaders of the two rebel groups with regard to the future, including the peaceful transfer of Ethiopians from Eritrea to Ethiopia. Consequently, and due to the lack of leadership in Addis Ababa that would have represented the interests of Ethiopia and worked for the general well-being of its people, and also because of the dependence of the leadership in Addis Ababa upon the Eritrean leadership, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians were simply thrown out not only from their houses, but also from the entire territory of the newly independent Eritrea; they were forced to face the long distances of hundreds of miles through the high mountains of Eritrean and Ethiopia under intolerably hot temperatures during the day and rain with cold temperatures during the night as they made a desperate attempt to reach Ethiopia to tell their story to compatriots who would be willing to listen. A number of them did not make it; they died on the way. Those who managed to reach Ethiopia were very sick, with many injuries. Much to the surprise and shock of Ethiopians and international NGOs, however, the ruling party prohibited these displaced Ethiopians from entering Ethiopian towns and cities, preventing them from blending in with the general public of Ethiopia. Instead, the ruling party kept all of the Ethiopians removed from Eritrea, including the sick, in the open air around the suburbs of various cities, including the capital - Addis Ababa - without shelter or food. The repeated questions and demands of the Ethiopian general public concerning the reasons for the removal of Ethiopians from Eritrea and the way they were treated, both in Eritrea in Ethiopia have never obtained any response from the ruling party leader, Meles Zenawi. But when Meles Zenawi was asked by foreign journalists who came together with the western NGOs to help those displaced and sick Ethiopians, his response was that “these people had been living in the land of other people without being invited. We don’t know why they were in Eritrea in the first place, and we do not know why they are now here in Ethiopia. We are studying whether they are a part of the Ethiopian people, and whether those people belong to Ethiopia.” Only protests and pressure from donor countries finally allowed the displaced Ethiopians from Eritrea to join families and relatives and begin to build a new life from scratch.

On the other hand however, Ethiopians of Eritrean origin living in Ethiopia during that period were never asked to leave Ethiopia to go to their newly independent nation - Eritrea. They were not only living comfortably in Ethiopia, but were also commanding Ethiopians and helping the ruling party to silence people, while preparing the ground for further repression and exploitation of Ethiopians by the ruling party. What is more surprising and even hurtful is that, while Ethiopians were being thrown into deserts and forests by the provisional government of Eritrea, the ruling party of Ethiopia was actively engaged in the 1993 referendum campaign regarding Eritrea, encouraging and providing the means and resources to Ethiopians of Eritrean origin in Ethiopia to encourage their support and votes for the referendum on Eritrea, which they did provide.

Finally, it is worthwhile to note that a large number of Ethiopians of Eritrean origin are still living and working in Ethiopia. It is even believed that a few among the ruling party members who dominate the Ethiopian political scene today are Ethiopians of Eritrean origin. Only when the long marriage and honeymoon between the leaders of EPRDF and EPLF came to an end in 1996, followed by the unexpected and very bloody war of 1998-2000, were a number of Eritreans suspected of having political links with the new enemy - the Eritrean political leadership -removed from Ethiopia and sent to Eritrea.

3. Disintegration of the Ethiopian Defense Forces, the Process of Criminalization and “Brain Draining”

A third important factor for the longstanding animosity of Ethiopians towards the ruling party is the complete disintegration of an estimated half million Ethiopian armed forces and their dependents, including an average of three children per soldier. The Ethiopian defense forces had existed for a lengthy period of time and used to be associated with Ethiopia’s lengthy and historic independence. It was a symbol of pride and dignity for Ethiopia and had both the affection and respect of all Ethiopians. But much to the dismay of Ethiopians, immediately after the fall of Mengistu Hailemariam the relatively modern Ethiopian defense forces were discharged from their jobs and replaced not by an army representing the ethnic composition of Ethiopia and providing for its national security, but by the EPRDF militia forces which had been waging a protracted guerrilla warfare against the regime. They were almost exclusively from rural Tigray; they didn’t know the culture and didn’t speak the language of the majority of Ethiopians. In assuming control of the administration in Addis Ababa and the entire country of Ethiopia, the ruling EPRDF party, in collaboration with EPLF forces and the then provisional government of Eritrea, confiscated most of the weapons and essential military equipment from the regime of Mengistu Hailmariam. Other military properties belonging to the regime that the new ruling party had overthrown were burnt and destroyed as Ethiopians watched. The burning and destruction of an aggregation of tanks and other essential military materials in selected major Ethiopian cities and under the eyes of the public were deliberately intended to humiliate Ethiopians. The immediate dismissal and dispersion of a half million members of the Ethiopian armed forces, including high ranking officers, discharging and leaving them totally unemployed, with no way to carry out their day-to-day responsibilities for their children and other immediate family members, clearly shows not only the unconcerned behaviour of the ruling party, but also its largely hostile attitude and animosity towards Ethiopia and Ethiopians and intention to cause more pain and outrage among the Ethiopian public.
Further, underestimating and ignoring the strong affection and respect Ethiopians had and still have for both the Emperor and the members of the Ethiopian defense forces, the official response given by the ruling party for the measures it under took was that “the Ethiopian army was a product of the previous regimes of Emperor Haile Selassie and dictator Mengistu Hailemariam, and was and is directly or indirectly a historical “enemy” of the people of Tigray and Eritrea.” Such an explanation was, however, seen by Ethiopians as unacceptable, most outrageous and degrading. Consequently, the dismissal of the Ethiopian armed forces remained one of the contributing forces leading Ethiopians to see the members of the ruling party as not belonging to Ethiopia and Ethiopians, and in fact an enemy to Ethiopians and the territorial integrity of the country.
To add salt to the wound, and despite Ethiopia’s ongoing extreme need for trained and experienced personnel, educated Ethiopians, especially from certain sections of Ethiopian society, have become outcasts in their own country and are rarely given higher governmental and academic responsibilities. By creatively inventing methods of criminalization and by manufacturing fabricated and false charges against outstanding and experienced but outspoken Ethiopians, the ruling party has and continues to be a major source of a “braindrain,” siphoning away these Ethiopian assets. Highly educated Ethiopians, including over 50 university professors, have been dismissed from their jobs and replaced by untrained and inexperienced employees almost exclusively from one region - Tigray.
Additionally, Ethiopian representatives in major international organizations, ambassadors and other employees of Ethiopian Embassies and Consulates located throughout the international community are a case in point. Admitting fully that it does not represent Ethiopian society, the ruling party has been and is appointing individuals only from Tigray and who are members of the ruling party as representatives of its regime in major international organizations, and as ambassadors and Consul-Generals to Ethiopian Embassies and Consulates. There is little or none of the required educational background, work or life experience; instead there is the perspective of rural Tigray, rather than a broad outlook that includes urban Ethiopia. Consequently, the so-called representatives, ambassadors and Consul-Generals from Ethiopia have become a source of embarrassment to Ethiopians visiting Ethiopian Embassies and Consulates and to those watching representatives of Ethiopia who are unable to express themselves and articulate the issues of Ethiopia, continuously stammering and perspiring while appearing on western television. Most representatives are also incapable of distinguishing between comments stated and questions raised by the interviewing journalists. Too, they generally speak the official language of the country they represent very poorly. Much to the surprise of many, they do not speak English or French. “They got their positions simply because they were former TPLF fighters,” is the comment that often has been given emotionally by anonymous former and current staff members of Ethiopian Embassies located throughout the international community, including these working in Washington DC, London, Paris and Brussels.

Since it assumed power in May 1991, discharging Ethiopian armed forces, diplomats and intellectuals from their jobs and replacing them with untrained, inexperienced TPLF members, cadres and former fighters with little or no work and life experience as well as little knowledge of the broader Ethiopian society and its historical and current relations with the outside world, has been the policy of the ruling party, and a daily reality for Ethiopia. The repeated cruel and hostile measures of the Ethiopian ruling party against well-trained and highly educated Ethiopians have forced many of those who have lost their jobs to live, with their families, in the most intolerable conditions of impoverishment. They have been left with no choice except, to the shock and dismay of Ethiopians, to become street wanderers, beggars and urban robbers. As can be imagined, only a handful among the huge numbers who have been made unemployed by the ruling party have managed to escape this man-made poverty as well as torture and imprisonment to reach neighbouring countries such as Kenya, Sudan or Djibouti, and gradually Europe and the United States, enabling them to tell their very touching, emotional and provocative stories to their compatriots, to journalists and to the international community at large.

Not surprisingly, it is such individuals, former members of the Ethiopian defense forces, diplomats and intellectuals - the victims of the ruling party who are the current forces in the forefront of those questioning and challenging the repressive policies of the current government, and the legality of the results claiming the ruling party as winner of the May 2005 parliamentary election.
As historical records of the “braindrain” of Ethiopia’s most productive assets show, the processes of driving Ethiopians into exile came into being during the initial years of Mengistu’s era and proceeded in a dramatic fashion until the final days of his brutal rule. And despite Ethiopians’ understanding of the economic policy and political programme of the TPLF - the current ruling party - they nevertheless had hoped that the end of Mengistu’s era, which coincided with the End of the Cold War, would bring a time of relative political stability, coupled with recovery from Ethiopia’s gravest and most complex tragedies, including drought, famine and the process of the braindrain. Much to the dismay of Ethiopians, however, their hopes and expectations were soon dashed. What Ethiopians got after Mengistu was and is the worst of the worst. Under the current ruling party repression has expanded; consequently, the exodus of Ethiopians to foreign countries has increased considerably throughout the past fourteen years. And both the pride Ethiopians had in themselves and their country during the nostalgic years of Emperor Haile Selassie and the respect outsiders once had for Ethiopia and Ethiopians have gradually evaporated, to the point where Ethiopians are no longer welcome at the ports of entry of a good number of nations that have built solid, rational economic structures and relatively reliable political stability.

Indeed, as far as I can recall, in the nostalgic years of my childhood and youth in the 1960s and early 1970s Ethiopia and Ethiopians enjoyed both the unlimited love and respect of the entire international community; there was no need for visas for Ethiopians to travel to some European and Middle Eastern countries. Famine in Ethiopia was just a periodic event, a matter of national concern and a collective responsibility of its people. It is additionally true that the number of Ethiopians living in exile numbered only in tens, not in millions, as is undeniably the reality today. The terms "asylum," "refugee" and "exile" were known to only a few well educated, politically oriented intellectual Ethiopians whose state of mind was affected by ideas, ideologies and goals related to political, economic and leadership change for Ethiopia. Today, however, thanks to the Ethiopian rulers of the past three decades, these words are well known even to rural Ethiopian children and rural Ethiopian grandmothers and grandfathers, since these phenomena have become indispensable as ways to escape poverty and disease, as well as persistent repression, internal and external wars and conflicts.
The explanations and chronology above should help to explain the cardinal sources of the longstanding, deep-rooted hostility and grave resentment of Ethiopians towards the ruling party and its cadres. The events and atrocious crimes detailed above, committed against the people of Ethiopia by the ruling party in tandem with EPLF leaders, continue to boil, smoldering indiscriminately in the hearts and minds of every true Ethiopian citizen, young or old, woman or man.

An Election held Prior to Restructuring and Reorganization of Public Institutions: Leadership, the Process of Democratization and Requirements for Realization
As is well known, most African countries have been - and some are still - ruled by leaders who came to power through a military coup d’état or through guerrilla warfare waged against a seated government, elected or unelected. Often the newly emerging powers, the coup and guerrilla leaders, are revolutionaries and love or are even addicted to structural change, wanting to see not only the leader or leaders they have defeated replaced, but also all of the systems and patterns of the previous regime, including the constitution, the entire judiciary system, the courts, judges, the socio-economic policy, the education policy, the media and many other aspects that are indispensable to the lives of the population that the newly emerged powers have come to rule. Since they are the backbone of a well-trained defense force, existing military structures are always maintained and even expanded by the leaders of a new military coup d’état. In countries ruled by military leaders, high-ranking members of the armed forces are often given ministerial, diplomatic and other important civil positions.

This is, however, not the case for policies and political programmes of new rulers who were previously rebel leaders. In overthrowing and taking power from a seated government, former rebel leaders often choose to annihilate the military structures and the entire membership of the defense forces, replacing them with militia forces and military equipment of their won. This is exactly what happened in Ethiopia. When the leaders of the current ruling party came to power in May 1991 as guerrilla leaders, they replaced Ethiopian defense forces with their own militia forces; reorganized the so-called government media, replacing all personnel with members of the ruling party and those affiliated with TPLF and EPRDF; and reorganized and changed every segment of governmental institutions and personnel, except for buildings. Writing their own rules and laws to replace the previous ones was the first priority of the ruling party. Other changes included the replacement of many Ethiopian court judges; city mayors and high ranking civil servants and administrators; high ranking police officials, civil aviation officials, pilots and high ranking airport officials. Personnel changes in diplomatic fields were even more dramatic. During the initial years of its rule, the ruling party replaced almost all Ethiopian representatives at the United Nations and other major international organizations, ambassadors and other officials in Ethiopian embassies located throughout the international community.

There is historical evidence that some former rebel leaders after firmly establishing their power as rulers do review, revise and change their restrictive and rigid policies and political programmes, replacing them with policies conducive to coming closer to, and embraced by the people of their nation state. Unfortunately, however, this has not been the case in Ethiopia. Instead, what we have been observing and experiencing since the ruling party came to power almost one and half decades ago is an expansion of the socio-economic, educational and cultural policies and political programme drafted in the rebel bunkers in the 1980s and brought to Addis Ababa in May 1991. In addition it is true, as far as Ethiopians can recall, that there have never been any sort of positive initiatives, or willingness on the part of the ruling party to redress the harm caused by its policies in various socio-economic fields or other educational and industrial sectors, including the multiple injustices inflicted upon the people of Ethiopia and the territorial integrity of the country.

As stated in the first part of this article, published on various Ethiopian websites on the 30th of October 2005, 15 May 2005 parliamentary election was held in the face of both longstanding and freshly developed resentments and animosities. The promises made by the ruling party to Ethiopians and donor nations in 2004, that it was prepared to hold a free and fair national parliamentary election in 2005, in the face of a resolute rejection of recognizing and redressing the atrocious crimes the party had committed, and the implementation of an election without preparing the ground and making arrangements for the future safety of the leaders of the ruling party (in case they should lose power in a truly democratic election), clearly indicate that Prime Minister Meles Zanawi and his ruling party wanted the election to be held not with the possibility of winning or losing, but with the sole purpose of winning. A large number of Ethiopians are convinced that without fundamental changes in its main power bases, the ruling party will never give up power based on a one-man-one-vote system of elections. They have been engaged in a diplomatic war on many fronts, urging the members of the ruling party to agree to a national dialogue and reconciliation with the people of Ethiopia, and to democratize and restructure the Ethiopian defense forces , the judiciary system , the election board and the media prior to any future elections. At present these are all under the total control of, and serve as power bases for the ruling party. Consequently, not only leaders of the Ethiopian opposition parties, but also other Ethiopians and friends of Ethiopia have been insistent in arguing that such institutions - the very backbone of any society - can only remain such a total monopoly when a country is ruled by a dictatorial regime, offering few prospects of democratization or free and fair elections. Although at present the leaders of the ruling party in Ethiopia say daily that they are deeply involved and tirelessly engaged in a process of democratization, in practical terms this seems far from reality. While completely denying Ethiopians the right to follow a logical process of democratization on the one hand, the leaders of the ruling party talk of themselves as the leading forces in the process of democratization and had told the Ethiopian people and the wider international society that they were ready to hold free and fair elections and were prepared to step down if not elected.

The leaders of the ruling party have resolutely denied the repeated demands of Ethiopians for restructuring and reorganizing the Ethiopian defense forces, the judiciary system, the election board and the media - the leaders saying continuously that such changes will take place only “over our dead bodies.” The central argument for this persistent denial of demands to free the four major public institutions from the total monopoly of the ruling party seems to be, as we often heard, that these institutions are independent organs and capable of operating independently even though these institutions were created by the ruling party itself and even though the employees, chairpersons and judges are loyal members of the ruling party, appointed by Prime Minister himself. However, it is in fact clear that the power and quite literally the survival of every individual member of the ruling party are entirely dependent on, and can only be guaranteed by, these four public institutions. In responding to irrational arguments based on the current “independence” of these organizations, one tends to conclude that Ethiopia and Ethiopians are being ruled by a leadership with no interest in or will to either listen to the heartbeats of Ethiopians or to understand the urgent and explosive need for the implementation of the forces of democratization and democracy in our country - Ethiopia. And Ethiopians are indeed in immediate need of a leadership willing and capable of cultivating the habits and cultures of democracy. Yes, Ethiopians are in extreme need of a leadership that belongs to Ethiopia and Ethiopians, and is capable of reviving the lost respect and affection Ethiopians have had for themselves.

The cardinal reason underlying the need for a change of leadership is that a relatively true democratization and its implementation in a society requires a leadership made up of individuals with a democratic state of mind, who are part and parcel of the society, who are deeply concerned with maintaining the territorial integrity of the nation state, and who are involved with the burning issues, concerns and desires of the people who make up the society. As we all know from numerous books of political science and other scientific disciplines, the concept of democracy and its implementation process undoubtedly require a leadership that is not intoxicated with a desire to control every segment of socio-political, economic and power structures, but that instead is concerned with and willing to effectively and meaningful engage with the general well-being of the people under its rule; willing to listen and understand the hearts and minds of the people and work for their peace and tranquility - a leadership interested in communicating rationally and effectively, working collectively and cooperatively with the people under its rule. Above all, a process of democratization certainly requires as a basis the creation and expansion of a climate for relatively harmonious coexistence among the people, with respectful relations and interactions between the people and those who rule them. Even more essentially, however, in countries such as Ethiopia, before everything else a process of relatively healthy and acceptable democratization and its realization demands of the people and the leadership the creation of thoughtfully constructed mechanisms and climates for nationwide dialogue and debate conducive to the removal of both longstanding and freshly developed resentments and animosities among the people and between the people and their rulers. However, none of these fundamental and indispensable requirements are present in the land of Ethiopia today.

The repeated denials of the ruling party regarding the demands of Ethiopians for the independence of the Ethiopian armed forces, the judicial system, the media and the election board from the control of the ruling party, and to have these institutions serve not just the ruling party, but the people of Ethiopia to whom these institutions belong, clearly demonstrates the undemocratic nature of these leaders and their readiness to use oppressive, impoverishing, apartheid-style policies to rule our country. Further, preceding the 15 May 2005 parliamentary election, a number of Ethiopian civic organizations and many capable Ethiopian nationals wanted to register and participate as observers. While foreign nationals were registered in a timely manner and allowed to observe the election process, the ruling party imposed restrictions upon Ethiopian nationals. This not only suggests that the ruling party had premeditated plans to prevent a free and fair election, including the usual obstruction and intimidation during the vote counting and the announcement of the results, but also can be cited as an example of the ruling party’s disinterest in the well-being of Ethiopians, which extends to the peace and democratization process in Ethiopia. As has been argued in various sections of this article, Ethiopians at home and in the Diaspora are convinced that neither the dominant members of TPLF specifically or the ruling party in general have any interest, desire or heart to see an economically prosperous and politically stable, peaceful and democratic Ethiopia in which the human rights of its people are respected and equality among the people and the various ethnically different groups are the norm.

The repeated statements of the leaders of the ruling party, in particular of the Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi - that they and their party are working tirelessly, assuming full responsibility for laying the foundation for, cultivating and expanding a democratic culture in Ethiopia, crafting strategies, implementing selected developmental policies appropriate to the political and economic needs of Ethiopia, and expanding health and educational sectors so as to decrease the extent of dependence of Ethiopians upon handouts from outsiders and gradually free them from chronic poverty and disease - are politically motivated statements, and far from Ethiopia’s socio-political and economic reality on the ground. It is additionally true that the war of words waged uninterruptedly by the ruling party and its cadres, presenting themselves as patriots of democracy, is merely intended to buy time and to maintain the existing economic and diplomatic relations with donor countries and major international banks. This is also true of the undemocratic parliamentary election held on 15 May 2005. Over 95 percent of Ethiopians and friends of Ethiopia, including a good number of insiders among the ruling party itself, are convinced that the May 2005 election was held not with the aim of cultivating a culture of democracy, learning to debate with each other, to agree and disagree and yet be able to live harmoniously together; and certainly was not meant to include the potential for a democratic transfer and change of power. Instead, it appears to have simply been intended to fulfill the demands and requirements of bilateral and multilateral aid from donor countries.
It is on the other hand important to recognize that, though the available negotiation tools were limited, the efforts of the opposition leaders and their supporters prior to the May election - to at least partially influence and reverse the intentions of the ruling party, which, by making the brief period of the election campaign relatively free, was attempting to create the impression among donor countries that a democratic process was under way in Ethiopia - were far from sufficient.

Although I dare to say boldly and with conviction that the participation of the Ethiopian opposition parties in the 15 May 2005 has brought tremendous and irreversible changes in the face of the political map of Ethiopia, and has successfully exposed the ruling party’s complex mechanisms and tools of oppression and impoverishment of the people of Ethiopia, it is still my view that the efforts carried out and the diplomatic tools employed by the major opposition parties and those fervently struggling for the democratization and leadership change in our country to convince or force the ruling party to agree to restructure, reorganize and gain independence for Ethiopian institutions have been far too limited, compared to the enormous number of meetings held between the leaders of the opposition parties, their lobbyists and the international diplomats and with the various US and European departments after the election. There were also few or no physical activities before the May 2005 election compared to the number of demonstrations, media transmissions and conferences held in various major western cities. It is additionally true that the few western journalist and diplomatic friends we have today who are ready to add their voice to our struggle are also products of the collective and persistent struggle made by Ethiopians after the election.

The highly necessary efforts that should have been made collectively prior to the election did not occur. And, as has repeatedly been said by a good number of highly experienced Ethiopians and friends of Ethiopia, the entry of a small number of elected opposition MPs to parliament on the basis of the results declared by the Ethiopian National Election Board of the ruling party would undoubtedly be not only a disappointment, but could also be regarded as a collective suicide by the people of Ethiopia. Like most of my compatriots, I have been reading and listening to the comments and advice given to Ethiopian opposition MPs by many national and international diplomats and experts on issues of Ethiopia, including comments by Ambassador Herman J. Cohen, Former US Assistant State Secretary for Africa, that the “elected” opposition candidates should enter the newly opened parliament and work with the ruling party. We listened attentively to the interview given on the Voice of America Amharic Service about two months ago by Ambassador Cohen - someone I had included as a speaker at an international conference on Africa I organized, and with whom I had discussions on wide-ranging issues of Ethiopia when I had the opportunity to visit him at his office in Arlington, Virginia - but it is my understanding that his advice to Ethiopian opposition MPs to enter and participate in the newly opened parliament was based simply on the experience of opposition parties of other Africa countries who had already lost one or more elections but finally managed to defeat a powerful ruling political party. As can be recalled, Ambassador Cohen mentioned the case of Kenya as a solid example of how a seated President or Prime Minister can eventually be defeated. In advising Ethiopian opposition parties, Ambassador Cohen stated that “the then opposition leader of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki, had lost two elections. To the surprise of many people, however, Mwai Kibaki finally managed to defeat the longtime Kenyan strong man, Former President Daniel Arap Moi. Now Mwai Kibaki is the President of Kenya. It is therefore a question of patience and time. Who says that that the Ethiopian opposition cannot win the next election?” My response to Ambassador Cohen’s comments and advice is that he does not seem to know the most outstanding differences in the relations between the leaders of Ethiopia’s ruling party and the people of Ethiopia vis-à-vis the relations of leaders of other African countries with their people. The former President of Kenya, Daniel Arap Moi was Vice President of Kenya during the 1970s. He became President after the death of Jomo Kenyatta on 22 August 1998. Since Daniel Arap Moi did not commit appalling crimes against his people and fervently and gallantly managed to defend and maintain the historical integrity of Kenya, he was never regarded as an enemy by his compatriots and never accused of being a foreign power and an outsider. He did not need to worry that a free and fair election followed by a loss of power through a one-man, one-vote system would threaten his personal safety and that of his family. The historical and current relations, as detailed in the pages above, of the leaders of the Ethiopian ruling party with the people is quite different. Ethiopians across the country are well aware that the leaders of the ruling party will never, never simply give up power through a one-man, one-vote system. As the May 2005 election and its aftermath have clearly shown, until the four major institutions have been restructured and reorganized and have become wholly independent, negotiations with the leaders of the ruling party or participation in the periodically held national elections under their rules will not produce any gains. It should be abundantly obvious that getting rid of repressive regimes, such as ours, requires not just a war on the diplomatic front by a few opposition leaders and party lobbyists, but a collective determination to persistently and tirelessly engage the enemy to the last, until a collective freedom is gained.

Summary and Concluding Remarks

As suggested by the first paragraph of this article, the rationale behind my disagreement with the participation of Ethiopian opposition political parties in national parliamentary elections that take place before restructuring and democratization of the main supports, the backbone of governmental and peoples’ institutions, is that one-man, one-party controlled parliamentary and judiciary systems are likely to allow little or no change in the existing political and power structures and relations. One could even go further and argue that the active participation of opposition political parties in an election, followed by the acceptance of the few parliamentary seats that the opposition parties have been permitted by the ruling party to secure, becoming lawmakers in a one-man, one-party controlled parliamentary system, would not only be ineffective with respect to real political and democratic changes, but can also be detrimental to furthering the peaceful resistance of the people of Ethiopia, and could provide the ruling party a legitimacy and recognition by both Ethiopians and donor nations as an elected political party - which in fact is not the case. As the bulk of the population of Ethiopia have voiced and convincingly argued, participation in the newly reopened unlawful parliament of the unelected ruling party will undoubtedly also provide an enormous amount of ammunition that it can use to further and expand its subjugation of the people of Ethiopian in a desperate attempt to silence and force people to relinquish peaceful resistance. Additionally, the participation of opposition parties in an unlawful parliamentary system will certainly also provide fertile ground for the ruling party to hold and win the next parliamentary election without an effective opposition.

* Dr Maru Gubena, from Ethiopia, is a political economist, writer and publisher and founder of the PADA Foundation. He specializes in European and US foreign and immigration policy for Africa and the Middle East, and the effect of the US criminal justice system on Blacks. Email: info@pada.nl

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